Lawson - Science in the Ancient ...

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Science in the
Ancient World
An Encyclopedia
Russell M. Lawson
Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England
© 2004 by Russell M. Lawson
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in
writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lawson, Russell M., 1957–
Science in the ancient world : an encyclopedia / Russell M. Lawson.
p. cm. (History of science series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-85109-534-9 (acid-free paper)–ISBN 1-85109-539-X
(eBook)
1. Science, Ancient—History—Encyclopedias. I. Title. II. Series:
ABC-CLIO’s history of science series.
Q124.95.L39 2004
509.3'03—dc22
2004017715
07 06 05 04 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details.
ABC-CLIO, Inc.
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
This book is printed on acid-free paper .
Manufactured in the United States of America
Contents
Introduction, xi
Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia
A
Academy, 1
Aelian, Claudius (floruit early third
century CE), 2
Agathemerus (floruit first century CE), 3
Agriculture, 3
Alcmaeon (floruit early sixth century
BCE), 6
Alexander of Macedon (356–323 BCE), 7
Alexandria, 9
Ammianus Marcellinus (325–395 CE), 11
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500–428
BCE), 13
Anaximander of Miletus (610–540 BCE),
15
Anaximenes of Miletus (585–525 BCE),
15
Apollonius of Perga (floruit 235 BCE), 16
Archelaus of Athens (floruit fifth century
BCE), 17
Archimedes (287–212 BCE), 17
Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BCE), 19
Aristotle (384–322 BCE), 20
Arrian (89–180 CE), 25
Asclepiades (floruit first century BCE), 26
Asclepius/Asclepiads, 27
Asia, East and South, 29
Astronomy, 30
Athenaeus (floruit early third century
CE), 35
Athens, 35
Atoms, 39
Aurelius, Marcus (121–180 CE), 40
Aurelius Augustine (354–430 CE), 42
B
Babylon, 45
Bronze Age (3500–800 BCE), 46
C
Caesar, Julius (100–44 BCE), 51
Calendars and Dating Systems, 52
Cato, Marcus Porcius (Elder) (234–149
BCE), 55
Celsus (floruit 25 CE), 56
Cicero (106–43 BCE), 57
Columella (5 BCE–60 CE), 58
Commentators, 58
vii
 viii
Contents
Constantinople, 59
Constellations, 62
H
Hecataeus of Miletus (floruit 500 BCE),
101
Hellanicus of Lesbos (floruit fifth century
BCE), 101
Hellenism, 102
Heraclides of Pontus (floruit fourth
century BCE), 103
Heraclitus of Ephesus (540–480 BCE),
104
Hero (62–152 CE), 104
Herodotus of Halicarnassus (490–430
BCE), 105
Herophilus of Chalcedon (floruit third
century BCE), 107
Hesiod (floruit late eighth century BCE),
107
Hipparchus (190–120 BCE), 109
Hippo of Croton (floruit late fifth century
BCE), 109
Hippocrates (460–377 BCE), 109
History, 112
Homer (floruit eighth century BCE), 115
Hydraulics, 117
Hypatia of Alexandria (370–415 CE), 119
D
Democritus (460–370 BCE), 63
Diogenes Laertius (floruit third century
CE), 65
Diogenes of Apollonia (floruit late fifth
century BCE), 65
Dreams, 66
E
Easter, 69
Egypt, 69
Eleatic School, 72
Elements, 72
Empedocles (495–435 BCE), 73
Engineering and Technology, 74
Epictetus (55–135 CE), 76
Epicureanism, 76
Epicurus (341–271 BCE), 77
Erasistratus (275–194 BCE), 78
Eratosthenes (276–195 BCE), 78
Euclid (floruit 300 BCE), 79
Eudoxus of Cnidus (408–352 BCE), 81
Eunapius (floruit fifth century CE), 82
I
Iamblichus (250–325 CE), 121
Ionians, 122
Iron Age, 123
Irrigation Techniques, 124
F
Frontinus, Sextus Julius (floruit late first
century and early second century CE),
83
G
Galen (130–200 CE), 85
Gaza, 87
Geminus (floruit first century CE), 88
Geography/Geodesy, 88
Greek Archaic Age (800–500 BCE), 94
Greek Classical Age (500–323 BCE), 95
Greek Hellenistic Age (323–31 BCE), 98
J
Julian (331–363 CE), 127
L
Later Roman Empire (180–565 CE), 129
Leucippus (floruit fifth century BCE),
131
Life Sciences, 132
 Contents
ix
Logos, 134
Lucretius (floruit first century BCE),
135
Lyceum, 138
Philostratus (170–250 CE), 182
Phoenicians, 183
Physical Sciences, 184
Plato (427–347 BCE), 187
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE), 190
Pliny theYounger (61–113 CE), 193
Plotinus (205–270 CE), 194
Plutarch (46–120 CE), 195
Polybius (208–126 BCE), 199
Porphyry (234–305 CE), 200
Posidonius of Rhodes (135–50 BCE),
201
Prometheus, 201
Psychology, 203
Ptolemaeus, Claudius (100–170 CE), 208
Pythagoras (570–490 BCE), 209
Pytheas of Massilia (floruit late fourth
century BCE), 211
M
Magi, 139
Magic, 140
Magna Graecia, 141
Marine Science, 142
Mathematics, 144
Maximus of Ephesus (floruit fourth
century CE), 145
Medicine, 146
Mesopotamia (3500–550 BCE), 148
Meteorology, 152
Miletus, 153
Military Science, 155
Mountains, 158
Myth, 161
R
Roman Principate (31 BCE–180 CE),
213
Roman Roads and Bridges, 215
Rome, 217
N
Nearchus of Crete (ca. 360–312 BCE),
165
Neoplatonism, 167
New Testament, 169
S
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (5–65 CE), 221
Seven Sages, 222
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
223
Social Sciences, 224
Socrates (470–399 BCE), 227
Solon (640–560 BCE), 228
Stoicism, 229
Strabo (63 BCE–21 CE), 230
O
Old Testament (Hebrew Bible), 173
Oribasius (floruit fourth century CE),
175
P
Paganism, 177
Palladius (floruit mid-fourth century
BCE), 179
Peripatetic School, 179
Philo of Byzantium (260–180 BCE), 180
Philolaus (floruit fifth century BCE), 180
Philosophy, 181
T
Tacitus (56–117 CE), 233
Thales (625–545 BCE), 234
Themistius (317–388 CE), 235
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